NaCl胁迫对骆驼蓬属植物渗透调节作用的影响

研究NaCl处理对骆驼蓬属植物幼苗生物量、植株中主要无机离子和有机溶质的含量及渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬在NaCl浓度小于200 mmol/L,骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬小于100 mmol/L时促进根系和地上部干重的增加,超过相应浓度时,幼苗生物量明显下降。3种植物根系和叶片的Na 和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度升高而增加,NO3-含量及K /Na 比则下降,K 对Na 的选择性吸收和运输SK,Na增大,但多裂骆驼蓬叶片的离子运输SK,Na则降低,Ca2 、Mg2 含量有升有降。无机离子占总计算渗透势(COP)的68.37%~83.82%,但随NaCl浓度增大而降低;可溶性糖和氨基酸含量随NaCl浓度增大明显增加,有机酸和脯氨酸变化不明显。有机物质约占COP的16.18%~31.63%,且随NaCl浓度提高而增大。骆驼蓬、骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬的渗透调节能力随NaCl浓度增加而增强,其中叶片的渗透调节能力大于根系,渗透调节能力骆驼蓬>骆驼蒿>多裂骆驼蓬,表明骆驼蓬比骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬具有更强适应盐渍生境的能力。     

不同蛋白质水平条件下氨基酸平衡日粮对生长猪氮、磷及能量代谢的影响

选用平均体重为(40±2)kg杜长大三元杂交去势公猪3头,按3×3的拉丁方进行试验设计,试验分3期,每期为7 d,采用全收粪法,研究不同蛋白质(CP)水平的氨基酸平衡日粮CP水平分别为14%、16%和18%)对氮、磷及能量代谢的影响。结果表明:不同蛋白质水平日粮处理间的氮表观消化率差异不显(著P>0.05),氮的沉积率以14%CP和16%CP组显著高于18%CP组(P<0.05),而14%CP和16%CP组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。粪氮排出量14%CP日粮组显著低于16%CP和18%CP日粮组(P<0.05),16%CP日粮组和18%CP日粮组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着日粮蛋白质水平下降,生长猪的氮排出量、粪氮和尿氮均减少,总排泄氮中尿氮的比例较大,而粪氮则较少。不同蛋白质水平日粮对磷和能量的消化利用无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Effect of High Concentrations of Cholecalciferol on Growth,Bone Mineralization,and Mineral Retention in Broiler Chicks Fed Suboptimal Concentrations of Calcium and Nonphytate Phosphorus

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of supplementing high concentrations (200 vs. 1,200, 2,400, and 3,600 ICU/kg) of cholecalciferol (CC) on performance, bone mineralization, and mineral retention in broiler chickens (2 to 42 d of age) fed a basal diet containing suboptimal concentrations of Ca and nonphytate P (NPP; 0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). A reference diet (RD) containing recommended levels of Ca, NPP, and CC was considered as control. Each diet was fed ad libitum to 21 replicates containing 5 birds in each. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash, and serum Ca and inorganic P decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP compared with those fed the RD. The BW gain (2,400 ICU/kg) and feed efficiency, leg abnormality score, and bone mineralization characteristics (3,600 ICU/kg) in broilers fed suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP with high concentrations of CC were similar to those fed the RD. The concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu in liver increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in concentrations of CC in the basal diet. Based on the results, it is concluded that performance and bone mineralization in broilers could be maintained with suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively) and higher concentrations of CC (3,600 ICU/kg) in the diet.     

不同肉鸡用植物性饲料总磷真利用率的测定

本试验利用无磷原料配制无磷饲粮,选择低磷原料配制基础饲粮,用一定比例待测植物性饲料替代基础饲粮配制待测饲粮,通过平衡试验法测定了35日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡对玉米、豆粕、麦麸3种饲料原料的总磷真利用率。结果表明:在控制饲粮含磷量低于肉仔鸡的磷需要量,研究饲料磷的最大利用率时,肉仔鸡的内源磷排出量为(44.84±3.14)mg/d。玉米、豆粕和麦麸的总磷真利用率分别为(16.42±3.36)%、(28.34±4.90)%和(46.48±4.29)%。利用总磷含量的1/3和非植酸磷含量估计肉鸡饲料有效磷并不准确。因麦麸本身含有高活性的植酸酶,肉仔鸡可部分利用其植酸磷。     

基于landsat卫星影像的水库水体总磷质量浓度反演研究

以清河水库为研究区域,利用Landsat8卫星OLI数据及实地观测数据,建立了适于清河水库水体总磷质量浓度的最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)遥感反演模型,并对清河水库总磷量进行了反演分析。结果表明,LS-SVM模型的平均相对误差为6.06%,相比于单波段线性回归反演模型及波段组合线性回归模型,平均误差分别降低了20.77%、12.53%,显著提高了清河水库水体总磷质量浓度反演的模型精度,达到遥感反演预测精度要求;利用LSSVM反演模型对清河水库总磷量反演显示,水体中总磷质量浓度主要集中在0.04~0.08 mg/L,水库水体总磷质量浓度总体偏高。     

引黄灌区不同肥料类型和施肥技术对稻田氮磷流失的影响

为减少引黄灌区稻田退水导致的农业面源污染,寻找水稻稳产和环境友好的最佳结合点,研究了大田示范条件下不同肥料类型和施肥技术对稻田田面水和排水沟退水氮磷变化特征的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥处理比较,优化施肥和侧条施肥均可以显著降低稻田田面水和排水沟中TN质量浓度,其中以侧条施肥处理效果最好,田面水和排水沟中TN质量浓度仅为常规施肥的47.4%和34.3%,各施肥处理间田面水和排水沟中TP质量浓度变化差异不显著。优化施肥和侧条施肥处理在肥料减量的条件下水稻产量并没有降低,其中有机种植处理产量最低,相对产量仅为常规处理的73.5%。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,优化施肥和侧条施肥技术可以作为环境友好型施肥技术在引黄灌区进行推广。     

Safety of Improved Milbond-TX When Fed in Broiler Diets Limiting in Available Phosphorus or Containing Variable Levels of Metabolizable Energy

Improved Milbond-TX (IMTX), a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, was added to broiler diets at 0, 1, or 2% in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, three concentrations of available P, 0.22, 0.32, and 0.42%, were combined with the IMTX in isocaloric and isonitrogenous corn-soybean meal-based diets and fed to male broilers for 21 d. In experiment 2, the IMTX was added to isonitrogenous broiler diets calculated to contain 2,940, 3,020, or 3,100 kcal of ME/kg and also fed for 21 d. Deficient dietary P reduced feed intake and BW at 7, 14, and 21 d of age, but IMTX had no effect even when fed at 8 times the amount recommended by the manufacturer (0.25%) to ameliorate the toxic effects of feed mycotoxins. Similarly, increasing the energy level of the diet resulted in improved BW and feed conversion, but IMTX fed at 8 times the amount recommended by the manufacturer had no detrimental effect on chick performance. There was no interaction found between IMTX and energy or available P for any performance measure. Addition of IMTX to the diet above the recommended concentration of the manufacturer also had no detrimental effect on percentage of toe ash or excreta moisture.     

Controllability of Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff from Sloping Farmland Treated by Agricultural Practices

Phosphorus (P) loss from arable sloping land due to water erosion causes off‐site environment pollution in the Three Gorges area in China. This study aims to estimate the effects of agricultural practices on the reduction of P losses during water erosion processes under natural precipitation conditions: contour culturing with organic matter addition (CT + OM), contour culturing with wheat straw mulching (CT + SM), contour culturing with straw mulching and organic matter addition (CT + OM + SM) and conventional downslope culturing framework as a control (CK). Results demonstrated that CT + OM + SM could viably diminish runoff, sediment yields and P losses from arable sloping land. Compared with CK, CT + OM, CT + SM and CT + OM + SM lessened the surface runoff depths by 19%, 34% and 50%, respectively. A high curve number value induced a notable runoff potential from the plot. The surface‐runoff‐related total P (TP) loads for CK with yearly measures of 1·56 kg ha⁻¹ were significantly higher than those for CT + OM, CT + SM and CT + OM + SM at 1·07, 0·77 and 0·51 kg ha⁻¹ (p  < 0·05), respectively. With all things considered, the particulate P losses represented a significant division of TP losses, adding up to almost 80% in 2014 and 79% in 2015. The outcomes demonstrated that surface protection and organic matter addition are two of the greatest agricultural protection practices that lessen P losses in the surface runoff from sloping farmland by water erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高职食品专业无机及分析化学教学改革与探索

介绍了无机及分析化学的课程特点、授课现状,及教学内容和教学方法上的改革实践,提出了在教学内容和教学方法上的改革与探索的想法。